Ubwino Wabwino wa SFP Module - 40Gb/s QSFP+ ER4, 40km 1310nm SFP Transceiver JHA-QC40 - JHA

Kufotokozera Kwachidule:


Mwachidule

Kanema Wogwirizana

Ndemanga (2)

Tsitsani

Pafupifupi membala aliyense wa gulu lathu lomwe amapeza ndalama zambiri amayamikira zomwe makasitomala amafuna komanso kulumikizana ndi mabizinesiProtocol Converter Gateway,China Supply High Speed ​​SFP Price 1.25GB/S Optical Transceiver,Kusintha kwa Fiber, Ndikukhulupirira kuti tikukula limodzi ndi makasitomala athu padziko lonse lapansi.
Ubwino Wabwino wa SFP Module - 40Gb/s QSFP+ ER4, 40km 1310nm SFP Transceiver JHA-QC40 - JHA Tsatanetsatane:

Mawonekedwe:

◊ 4 CWDM kamangidwe ka MUX/DEMUX

◊ Kufikira 11.2Gbps pa bandwidth iliyonse

◊ Aggregate bandwidth > 40Gbps

◊ Cholumikizira cha Duplex LC

◊ Kugwirizana ndi 40G Ethernet IEEE802.3ba ndi 40GBASE-ER4 Standard

◊ QSFP MSA imagwirizana

◊ chowunikira chithunzi cha APD

◊ Kutumiza mpaka 40 km

◊ Imagwirizana ndi mitengo ya data ya QDR/DDR Infiniband

◊ Single +3.3V magetsi akugwira ntchito

◊ Ntchito zowunikira za digito zomangidwa

◊ Kutentha kosiyanasiyana 0°C mpaka 70°C

◊ Gawo Logwirizana ndi RoHS

Mapulogalamu:

◊ Rack to rack

◊ Malo opangira data Kusintha ndi Ma routers

◊ Ma network a Metro

◊ Kusintha ndi Ma router

◊ 40G BASE-ER4 Ethernet Maulalo

Kufotokozera:

JHA-QC40 ndi gawo la transceiver lopangidwira 40km optical communication applications. Mapangidwewo amagwirizana ndi 40GBASE-ER4 ya IEEE P802.3ba muyezo. Gawoli limasintha njira za 4 zolowetsa (ch) za deta yamagetsi ya 10Gb / s ku zizindikiro za kuwala kwa 4 CWDM, ndipo zimawachulukitsa mu njira imodzi ya 40Gb / s optical transmission. Mosiyana, kumbali yolandila, module optically de-multiplexes a 40Gb / s kulowetsa muzitsulo za 4 CWDM, ndikuwatembenuzira ku deta yamagetsi ya 4.

Mafunde apakati a njira za 4 CWDM ndi 1271, 1291, 1311 ndi 1331 nm monga mamembala a CWDM wavelength grid akufotokozedwa mu ITU-T G694.2. Ili ndi cholumikizira cha duplex LC cholumikizira mawonekedwe owoneka bwino ndi cholumikizira cha 38-pin cha mawonekedwe amagetsi. Kuti muchepetse kufalikira kwa kuwala munjira yayitali, fiber single-mode (SMF) iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu gawoli.

Chogulitsacho chimapangidwa ndi mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe owoneka / magetsi komanso mawonekedwe a digito malinga ndi QSFP Multi-Source Agreement (MSA). Lapangidwa kuti likwaniritse zovuta zogwirira ntchito zakunja kuphatikiza kutentha, chinyezi ndi kusokoneza kwa EMI.

Gawoli limagwira ntchito kuchokera ku mphamvu imodzi ya + 3.3V ndi zizindikiro zolamulira zapadziko lonse za LVCMOS / LVTTL monga Module Present, Reset, Interrupt and Low Power Mode zilipo ndi ma modules. A 2-waya serial mawonekedwe akupezeka kuti atumize ndi kulandira zizindikiro zowongolera zovuta komanso kupeza chidziwitso cha digito. Makanema apawokha amatha kuyan'anidwa ndipo mayendedwe osagwiritsidwa ntchito amatha kutsekedwa kuti azitha kusinthasintha kwambiri.

JHA-QC40 idapangidwa ndi mawonekedwe, kulumikizana kwamagetsi / kuwala komanso mawonekedwe a digito malinga ndi QSFP Multi-Source Agreement (MSA). Lapangidwa kuti likwaniritse zovuta zogwirira ntchito zakunja kuphatikiza kutentha, chinyezi ndi kusokoneza kwa EMI. Gawoli limapereka magwiridwe antchito apamwamba kwambiri komanso kuphatikiza kwazinthu, kupezeka kudzera pamawonekedwe a waya awiri.

Mtheradi Maximum Mavoti

Parameter

Chizindikiro

Min.

Chitsanzo

Max.

Chigawo

Kutentha Kosungirako

TS

-40

 

+ 85

°C

Supply Voltage

VCCT, R

-0.5

 

4

V

Chinyezi Chachibale

RH

0

 

85

%

AnalimbikitsaMalo Ogwirira Ntchito:

Parameter

Chizindikiro

Min.

Chitsanzo

Max.

Chigawo

Kutentha kwa ntchito

TC

0

 

+ 70

°C

Supply Voltage

VCCT, R

+ 3.13

3.3

+ 3.47

V

Supply Current

IneCC

 

 

1000

mA

Kutaya Mphamvu

PD

 

 

3.5

MU

Makhalidwe Amagetsi(TON = 0 mpaka 70 °C, VCC= 3.13 mpaka 3.47 V

Parameter

Chizindikiro

Min

Mtundu

Max

Chigawo

Zindikirani

Mtengo wa Data pa Channel

 

-

10.3125

11.2

Gbps

 

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu

 

-

2.5

3.5

MU

 

Supply Current

Icc

 

0.75

1.0

A

 

Control I/O Voltage-High

HIV

2.0

 

Vcc

V

 

Control I/O Voltage-Low

CHIFUNIRO

0

 

0.7

V

 

Inter-Channel Skew

TSK

 

 

150

Sal

 

Nthawi ya RESETL

 

 

10

 

Ife

 

RESETL De-assert nthawi

 

 

 

100

Ms

 

Mphamvu Pa Nthawi

 

 

 

100

Ms

 

Wotumiza
Kulekerera kwa Voltage Kumodzi Komaliza

 

0.3

 

4

V

1

Common mode Voltage Tolerance

 

15

 

 

mv

 

Transmit Input Diff Voltage

IFE

150

 

1200

mv

 

Transmit Input Diff Impedance

CHENJEZO

85

100

115

 

 

Data Dependent Input Jitter

DDJ

 

0.3

 

UI

 

Wolandira
Kulekerera kwa Voltage Kumodzi Komaliza

 

0.3

 

4

V

 

Mphamvu ya Rx Output Diff Voltage

Vo

370

600

950

mv

 

Rx Output Rise and Fall Voltage

Tr/Tf

 

 

35

ps

1

Total Jitter

TJ

 

0.3

 

UI

 

Zindikirani:

  1. 20~80%

Optical Parameters(TOP = 0 mpaka 70°C, VCC = 3.0 mpaka 3.6 Volts)

Parameter

Chizindikiro

Min

Mtundu

Max

Chigawo

Ref.

Wotumiza
  Ntchito ya Wavelength

L0

1264.5

1271

1277.5

nm

 

L1

1284.5

1291

1297.5

nm

 

L2

1304.5

1311

1317.5

nm

 

L3

1324.5

1331

1337.5

nm

 

Side-mode Suppression Ratio

SMSR

30

-

-

dB

 

Total Average Launch Power

PT

-

-

8.3

dBm

 

Avereji Yoyambitsa Mphamvu, Njira iliyonse

 

-3

-

5

dBm

 

TDP, Lane iliyonse

TDP

 

 

2.3

dB

 

Mlingo wa Extinction

NDI

3.5

6.0

 

dB

 
Tanthauzo la Chigoba cha Diso la Transmitter {X1, X2, X3, Y1, Y2, Y3}

 

{0.25, 0.4, 0.45, 0.25, 0.28, 0.4}    

 

 
Optical Return Loss Tolerance

 

-

-

20

dB

 

Average Launch Power OFF Transmitter, Njira iliyonse

Poof

 

 

-30

dBm

 

Relative Intensity Noise

Komanso

 

 

-128

dB/HZ

1

Optical Return Loss Tolerance

 

-

-

12

dB

 

Wolandira
Kuwonongeka Kwambiri

THd

3

 

 

dBm

1
Avereji ya Mphamvu pa Kulowetsa kwa Receiver, Njira iliyonse

R

-makumi awiri ndi mphambu imodzi

 

-6

dBm

 

Landirani Magetsi 3 dB kumtunda kwa Dulani pafupipafupi, Njira iliyonse

 

 

 

12.3

GHz

 

Kulondola kwa RSSI

 

-2

 

2

dB

 

Receiver Reflectance

Rrx

 

 

-26

dB

 

Receiver Power (OMA), Njira iliyonse

 

-

-

3.5

dBm

 

Landirani Magetsi 3 dB kumtunda kwa Cutoff Frequency, Njira iliyonse

 

 

 

12.3

GHz

 

LOS De-Assert

THED

 

 

-25

dBm

 

Chithunzi cha LOS

THEA

-35

 

 

dBm

 

LOS Hysteresis

THEH

0.5

 

 

dB

 

Zindikirani

  1. 12dB Chiwonetsero

Diagnostic Monitoring Interface

Digital diagnostics monitoring ntchito ikupezeka pa QSFP + ER4 yonse. Mawonekedwe a 2-waya siriyo amapereka wosuta kulumikizana ndi module. Mapangidwe a kukumbukira akuwonetsedwa mukuyenda. Malo okumbukira amakonzedwa kukhala apansi, tsamba limodzi, malo adilesi a 128 byte ndi masamba angapo apamwamba adilesi. Kapangidwe kameneka kamalola kuti maadiresi omwe ali patsamba lapansi azitha kufika panthaŵi yake, monga Interrupt Flags and Monitors. Zolemba zocheperako za nthawi yovuta, monga chidziwitso cha serial ID ndi zoikamo pakhomo, zilipo ndi ntchito ya Tsamba Sankhani. Mawonekedwe adilesi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi A0xh ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa nthawi yovuta kwambiri monga kusokoneza kusokoneza kuti athe kuwerengera kamodzi kwa deta yonse yokhudzana ndi vuto losokoneza. Pambuyo pa kusokoneza, IntL yatsimikiziridwa, wolandirayo akhoza kuwerenga mzere wa mbendera kuti adziwe njira yomwe yakhudzidwa ndi mtundu wa mbendera.

3 45 56

Zamkatimu za Memory ID ya EEPROM (Ah)

Zambiri

Adilesi

Utali
(Byte)

Dzina la

Utali

Kufotokozera ndi Zamkatimu

Minda ya ID Yoyambira

128

1

Chizindikiritso

Mtundu wa Chizindikiritso cha serial Module(D=QSFP+)

129

1

Zowonjezera. Chizindikiritso

Chizindikiritso Chowonjezera cha Seri Module(90=2.5W)

130

1

Cholumikizira

Khodi ya cholumikizira (7=LC)

131-138

8

Kutsata kwatsatanetsatane

Khodi yogwirizana ndi zamagetsi kapena kuwala kwamagetsi (40GBASE-LR4)

139

1

Encoding

Khodi ya siriyo kabisidwe aligorivimu(5=64B66B)

140

1

BR, Dzina

Mtengo wocheperako, magawo a 100 MBits/s(6C=108)

141

1

Matengo owonjezera sankhani Kutsatira

Ma tag owonjezera sankhani kutsatira

142

1

Utali (SMF)

Kutalika kwa ulalo kumathandizidwa ndi SMF fiber mu km (28=40KM)

143

1

Utali (OM3 50um)

Kutalika kwa ulalo wothandizidwa ndi EBW 50/125um CHIKWANGWANI (OM3), mayunitsi a 2m

144

1

Utali (OM2 50um)

Kutalika kwa ulalo kumathandizidwa ndi 50/125um fiber (OM2), mayunitsi a 1m

145

1

Utali (OM1 62.5um)

Kutalika kwa ulalo kumathandizidwa ndi 62.5/125um fiber (OM1), mayunitsi a 1m

146

1

Utali (Mkuwa)

Lumikizani kutalika kwa chingwe chamkuwa kapena chogwira ntchito, chimagwirizanitsa kutalika kwa 1m Link yothandizidwa ndi 50/125um fiber (OM4), mayunitsi a 2m pamene Byte 147 ilengeza 850nm VCSEL monga tafotokozera mu Table 37

147

1

Chipangizo chamakono

Zipangizo zamakono

148-163

16

Dzina la ogulitsa

QSFP+ dzina la ogulitsa: TIBTRONIX (ASCII)

164

1

Module Yowonjezera

Ma Module Owonjezera a InfiniBand

165-167

3

Wogulitsa YES

ID ya kampani ya QSFP + IEEE (000840)

168-183

16

Wogulitsa PN

Nambala yagawo: JHA-QC40 (ASCII)

184-185

2

Vendor rev

Mulingo wobwerezanso wa gawo lina loperekedwa ndi wogulitsa (ASCII) (X1)

186-187

2

Kutalika kwa mafunde kapena Chingwe cha Copper Attenuation

Laser wavelength mwadzina (wavelength=mtengo/20 mu nm) kapena kutsitsa chingwe chamkuwa mu dB pa 2.5GHz (Adrs 186) ndi 5.0GHz (Adrs 187) (65A4=1301)

188-189

2

Kulekerera kwa Wavelength

Mtundu wotsimikizika wa laser wavelength(+/- mtengo) kuchokera mwadzina
kutalika kwa mafunde. (wavelength Tol.=mtengo/200 mu nm) (1C84=36.5)

190

1

Max kesi temp.

Kutentha kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa madigiri C (70)

191

1

CC_BASE

Chongani khodi ya maziko a ID (maadiresi 128-190)
Ma ID owonjezera

192-195

4

Zosankha

Rate Select, TX Khutsani, Tx Fault, LOS, Zizindikiro Zochenjeza za: Kutentha, VCC, RX, mphamvu, TX Bias

196-211

16

Wogulitsa SN

Nambala ya seri yoperekedwa ndi wogulitsa (ASCII)

212-219

8

Date Kodi

Nambala ya deti la wopanga

220

1

Diagnostic Monitoring Type

Imawonetsa kuti ndi mitundu iti yowunikira matenda yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito (ngati ilipo) mu gawoli. Bit 1, 0 Yosungidwa (8=Average Power)

221

1

Zosankha Zowonjezera

Imawonetsa kuti ndi zinthu ziti zowonjezera zomwe zakhazikitsidwa mu module.

222

1

Zosungidwa

223

1

CC_EXT

Chongani khodi ya Extended ID Fields (maadiresi 192-222)
Minda Ya ID Yotsimikizika Yogulitsa

224-255

32

Wogulitsa Wachindunji EEPROM


Nthawi ya Soft Control ndi Status Functions

Parameter

Chizindikiro

Max

Chigawo

Mikhalidwe

Nthawi Yoyambitsa t_ini 2000 Ms Nthawi kuchokera pamagetsi pa1, pulagi yotentha kapena kukwera m'mphepete mwa Bwezerani mpaka gawoli likugwira ntchito2
Bwezerani Nthawi Yoyambira Yoyambira t_reset_init 2 μs Kubwezeretsanso kumapangidwa ndi mulingo wocheperako wotalikirapo kuposa nthawi yocheperako yomwe ilipo pa ResetL pin.
Seri Bus Hardware Ready Time t_mndandanda 2000 Ms Nthawi kuchokera pamagetsi pa1 mpaka gawo litayankhidwa ndi kutumiza kwa data pa 2-waya serial bus
Monitor Data ReadyNthawi t_data 2000 Ms Nthawi yochokera kumphamvu kupita ku1 kupita ku data yomwe sinakonzekere, pang'ono 0 ya Byte 2, yodetsedwa ndipo IntL idatsimikiza
Bwezerani Nthawi Yowonjezera t_kusintha 2000 Ms Nthawi yochokera kumtunda kwa pini ya ResetL mpaka gawoli likugwira ntchito bwino2
LPMode Assert Time ton_LPMode 100 μs Nthawi kuyambira kutsimikizira kwa LPMode (Vin: LPMode = Vih) mpaka kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa module kulowetsa Mphamvu yotsika
Nthawi ya IntL Assert toni_IntL 200 Ms Nthawi kuchokera pazochitika zomwe zimayambitsa IntL mpaka Vout:IntL = Vol
Nthawi ya IntL Deassert toff_IntL 500 μs toff_IntL 500 μs Nthawi kuyambira poyera pa read3 kugwira ntchito kwa mbendera yogwirizana mpaka Vout:IntL = Voh. Izi zikuphatikiza nthawi zophatikizira Rx LOS, Tx Fault ndi mabendera ena.
Rx LOS Assert Nthawi toni_los 100 Ms Nthawi yochokera ku Rx LOS state kupita ku Rx LOS bit set ndi IntL idatsimikiza
Nthawi Yotsimikizira Mbendera tani_mbendera 200 Ms Nthawi kuchokera pazochitika zomwe zikuyambitsa mbendera kupita kugulu logwirizana ndi mbendera ndipo IntL idatsimikiza
Mask Assert Time toni_maski 100 Ms Nthawi yochokera ku mask bit set4 mpaka kutsimikiza kwa IntL kuletsedwa
Mask De-asserted Time toff_mask 100 Ms Nthawi kuchokera ku mask bit cleared4 mpaka ntchito yogwirizana ya IntlL iyambiranso
ModSelL Assert Time ton_ModSelL 100 μs Nthawi kuyambira kutsimikizira kwa ModSelL mpaka gawo likuyankha kutumizidwa kwa data pa 2-waya serial bus
ModSelL Deassert Time toff_ModSelL 100 μs Nthawi kuchokera ku dessertion ya ModSelL mpaka gawoli siliyankha kufalitsa kwa data pa 2-waya serial bus.
Mphamvu_kupitirira-kukwera kapenaNthawi Yowonjezera Mphamvu toni_Pdown 100 Ms Nthawi yochokera ku P_Down bit set 4 mpaka kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa module kulowetsa Mphamvu yotsika
Power_over-ride kapena Power-set De-assert Time toff_Pdown 300 Ms Nthawi kuchokera ku P_Down bit cleared4 mpaka gawoli likugwira ntchito bwino3

Zindikirani:

1. Mphamvu yamagetsi imatanthauzidwa ngati nthawi yomweyo pamene magetsi amagetsi afika ndikukhalabe kapena pamwamba pa mtengo wochepa wotchulidwa.

2. Kugwira ntchito mokwanira kumatanthauzidwa kuti IntL imanenedweratu chifukwa cha data yomwe sinakonzekere pang'ono, bit 0 byte 2 de-asserted.

3. Kuyezedwa kuchokera m'mphepete mwa wotchi pambuyo poyimitsa pang'ono powerenga.

4. Kuyezedwa kuchokera m'mphepete mwa wotchi pambuyo poyimitsa pang'ono polemba.

Chithunzi cha Transceiver Block

43 

Pin Ntchito

 54

Chithunzi cha Host Board Connector Block Pin Nambala ndi Dzina

PinKufotokozera

Pin

Zomveka

Chizindikiro

Dzina/Mafotokozedwe

Ref.

1

 

GND

Pansi

1

2

CML-I

tx2n

Kulowetsa kwa data ya Transmitter

 

3

CML-I

tx2 p

Transmitter Non-Inverted Data output

 

4

 

GND

Pansi

1

5

CML-I

tx4n

Transmitter Inverted Data Output

 

6

CML-I

tx4p

Zotulutsa Zosasinthika za Transmitter

 

7

 

GND

Pansi

1

8

LVTTL-I

ModSel

Sankhani Module

 

9

LVTTL-I

Bwezerani L

Kusintha kwa Module

 

10

 

VccRx

+ 3.3V Wolandila Magetsi

2

11

LVCMOS-I/O

Mtengo wa magawo SCL

2-Waya Serial Interface Clock

 

12

LVCMOS-I/O

SDA

2-Waya seri Interface Data

 

13

 

GND

Pansi

1

14

CML-O

rx3p

Receiver Inverted Data Output

 

15

CML-O

Rx3n

Receiver Non-Inverted Data Output

 

16

 

GND

Pansi

1

17

CML-O

Rx1p

Receiver Inverted Data Output

 

18

CML-O

Rx1n

Receiver Non-Inverted Data Output

 

19

 

GND

Pansi

1

20

 

GND

Pansi

1

makumi awiri ndi mphambu imodzi

CML-O

Rx2n

Receiver Inverted Data Output

 

makumi awiri ndimphambu ziwiri

CML-O

Rx2p

Receiver Non-Inverted Data Output

 

makumi awiri ndi mphambu zitatu

 

GND

Pansi

1

makumi awiri ndi mphambu zinayi

CML-O

Rx4n

Receiver Inverted Data Output

 

25

CML-O

rx4p

Receiver Non-Inverted Data Output

 

26

 

GND

Pansi

1

27

Chithunzi cha LVTTL-O

ModPrsL

Module Present

 

28

Chithunzi cha LVTTL-O

IntL

Dumitsani

 

29

 

VccTx

+ 3.3V Power Supply Transmitter

2

30

 

Vcc1

+ 3.3V Kupereka Mphamvu

2

31

LVTTL-I

LPMode

Low Power Mode

 

32

 

GND

Pansi

1

33

CML-I

tx3 p

Transmitter Inverted Data Output

 

34

CML-I

Tx3n

Zotulutsa Zosasinthika za Transmitter

 

35

 

GND

Pansi

1

36

CML-I

tx1p

Transmitter Inverted Data Output

 

37

CML-I

Tx1n

Zotulutsa Zosasinthika za Transmitter

 

38

 

GND

Pansi

1

Ndemanga:

  1. GND ndiye chizindikiro cha single and supply(mphamvu) yodziwika bwino pama module a QSFP, Zonse ndizofala mkati mwa gawo la QSFP ndipo ma voltages onse amatchulidwira ku izi zomwe zadziwika mwanjira ina. Lumikizani izi molunjika ku gulu lokhala ndi chizindikiro cha common ground. Kutulutsa kwa laser kumayimitsidwa pa TDIS> 2.0V kapena kutsegulidwa, kuyatsa pa TDIS
  2. VccRx, Vcc1 ndi VccTx ndi omwe amalandila ndi kutumiza magetsi ndipo azigwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi imodzi. Alangizidwa khamu board mphamvu zosefera zikuwonetsedwa pansipa. VccRx, Vcc1 ndi VccTx akhoza kulumikizidwa mkati mkati mwa QSFP transceiver module mu kuphatikiza kulikonse. Zikhomo zolumikizira zimavotera chilichonse kuti chikhale choposa 500mA.

Alangizidwa Circuit

makumi awiri ndi mphambu zitatu

Makulidwe a Makina

43


Zithunzi zatsatanetsatane wazinthu:

Ubwino Wabwino wa SFP Module - 40Gb/s QSFP+ ER4, 40km 1310nm SFP Transceiver JHA-QC40 - JHA zithunzi zatsatanetsatane


Zogwirizana nazo:

Zogulitsa zathu zimawonedwa mozama komanso zodalirika ndi ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto ndipo zimatha kukumana ndi zosintha zonse zazachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu za Good Quality SFP Module - 40Gb/s QSFP+ ER4, 40km 1310nm SFP Transceiver JHA-QC40 - JHA , Zogulitsa zidzaperekedwa kulikonse dziko lapansi, monga: Armenia, Australia, Uruguay, Kuti mutha kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe mwapeza kuchokera pazowonjezereka zamalonda apadziko lonse lapansi, timalandila ogula kulikonse pa intaneti komanso pa intaneti. Ngakhale tili ndi mayankho abwino omwe timapereka, ntchito yabwino yolumikizirana komanso yokhutiritsa imaperekedwa ndi gulu lathu la akatswiri pambuyo pogulitsa. Mndandanda wazinthu ndi magawo atsatanetsatane ndi zina zilizonse zomwe zidzatumizidwa kwa inu panthawi yake kuti mufunse. Chifukwa chake chonde lemberani potitumizira maimelo kapena kutiimbira foni ngati muli ndi mafunso okhudza kampani yathu. mutha kupezanso zambiri za adilesi yathu patsamba lathu ndikubwera kukampani yathu kuti mudzawone kafukufuku wamalonda athu. Tili ndi chidaliro kuti tigawana zomwe takwaniritsa komanso kupanga mgwirizano wamphamvu ndi anzathu pamsika uno. Tikuyang'ana mafunso anu.

Polankhula za mgwirizano uwu ndi wopanga waku China, ndikungofuna kunena kuti dodne, ndife okhutira kwambiri.
5 NyenyeziWolemba Martin Tesch waku Czech - 2017.06.19 13:51
Wogulitsa uyu amapereka zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri koma zotsika mtengo, ndi wopanga wabwino komanso wothandizana naye bizinesi.
5 NyenyeziWolemba Yannick Vergoz wochokera ku Lucerne - 2018.12.10 7:03 p.m
Lembani uthenga wanu apa ndikutumiza kwa ife